Review:

1. Ethics is derived from the greek ethos, and the term morality has its roots in the latin mores. Both refers to notions of custom, habit, behavior, and character. ethics and morality are often interchangeably in everyday discourse.

2. Morality is a system whose purpose is to prevent harm and evil. Rules of conduct are action guiding while the Principles of evaluation are the standards used to justify the Rules of conduct.

3.The system is public, he claims, because everyone must know what the rules are that define it.

4. It is informal because morality is like a set of rules that is not enforced and yet people still abide by them.

5. Gert's system is Rational because its principals are based on logical reasoning. It is impartial because it applies to everyone. 

6.  Values are the things that a person holds important to himself. Examples include happiness, love, and freedom. Moral values are saying good things based on different sources like the religion, law, and  philosophies of philosophers, while nonmoral values are based on the individual values and what we think is right and wrong.

7. Religion, law, and philosophy are all commonly used as a basis on determining what is right and what is wrong. In Religion an action is righteous if it does not violate the divine authority. In Law an action is righteous if it does not violate the any of its rules and regulations. In philosophy an action is righteous if it is right in a certain ethical theory.

8. Philosophical ethics sanction takes in the form of social disapproval and possibly becoming a social outcast. A philosophical study shows the theories and hypotheses and those must satisfies the criteria of rationality and impartially.

9.  Philosophical study is based on a philosopher’s own logical perceptions while descriptive study is based on how different people with different cultures act. Sociological and anthropological studies are more descriptive rather than normative because it is based on how people act and it is based on real life observations.

10.        

     1.     People Disagree on Solutions to Moral Issues – because different people have different answers concerning ethical issues and due to this                                     reason people are losing hope to whether there can be an answer where anybody can agree on concerning ethical issues.

     2.     Who Am I to judge others? – this question arises from people who are not comfortable evaluating and judging other people.

     3.     Morality is Simply a Private Matter – this notion comes from people who thinks that each person has their own perception of morality and they                             prefer keeping it to themselves.

     4.     Morality is Simply a Matter for Individual Cultures to Decide – morality is based on a person’s culture.

11. Because it stops people from discussing and resolving ethical issues.

12. Moral Relativism asserts that a person should make moral judgments based on what is right and wrong for the people the people around him/her. Cultural Relativism on the other hand asserts that a person should make moral judgments based on his/her cultural beliefs.

13. Ethical theories are important because using the Golden rule and following one’s own conscience have their own flaws. The Golden Rule states that we should do unto others as you would have them do unto you. Yes it seems so right but not everybody is the same. Maybe giving away a car is right for one person but it isn’t right for others. This is why ethical theories are important; it serves as a guide for us so that we can have a better understanding of what is right and what is wrong.

14. Unlike other ethical theories Consequence-Based ethical theories derive what is right and what is wrong depending on the outcome of a certain action. The more desirable and outcome is the more righteous it is.

15. In Act Utilitarianism it is argued that the rightness or wrongness of an action depends on its expected outcome. In Rule Utilitarianism on the other hand the rightness and wrongness of an action depends whether it follows the general rule and if it is the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

16. The main difference of duty based from other ethical theories is that it does not consider the importance of happiness.

17. Act deontology maintains that there are no firm ethical rules to be followed when making ethical decisions. Instead, decisions should be made on a case-by-case basis, with each individual doing what he or she feels to be the right thing to do at the time.Rule deontology is the opposite of this. In Rule deontology decisions should be made with accordance to the rules.

18. These are theories that act like contracts.

19. This ethical theory ignores the special roles that consequences, duties, and social contracts play in moral systems, especially with respect to determining the appropriate standard for evaluating moral behavior. Rather, it focuses on criteria having to do with character development and their acquisition of good character traits from the kinds of habits they develop.

 20.They incorporate in two step framework. The first is Deliberate over various policies from an impartial point of view. The second is Selecting the best policiy from the set of just policies arrived at in the deliberation stage.

Discussion:

1.            The four types of discussion stoppers are the following; People disagree on solutions to moral issues, Who am I to judge others, Morality is simply a private matter, and Morality is simply a matter of individual cultures to decide. I think that all the types of discussion stoppers concerning ethical theories have been covered by these four discussion stoppers.

2              When using utilitarianism the solution that seems most plausible is laying off 5 percent of the workers because it will benefit the majority.

3.            I would respond to the agent by telling him I don’t know the whereabouts of the person he is looking for and in this type of situation I do not believe in utilitarianism. In the case of the principal always honoring a promise it won’t work in this situation. This is because both have negative and positive consequences and in this case there is really nothing to distinguish whether keeping a promise or obeying the general rule which is to follow the authorities. Ross’s theory won’t work in this situation because by using Ross’s theory both actions will be right and wrong.

4.             Yes most of the four ethical theories discussed are adequate in handling the ethical issues arising from cybertechnology. But there is still room 

for more ethical theories concerning these issues.